Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms presents the role of ROS‒mediated pathways cellular signaling stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, nanomaterials, and the mechanisms by which metalloids and nanoparticles induce their toxic effects. The book covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and free radicals on macromolecules cells organisms, heavy metals‒induced cell responses, oxidative stress, the source of oxidants, and the roles of ROS, oxidative stress and oxidative damage mechanisms. It also examines the nanotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials and the effects of nanoparticle interactions. Antioxidant defense therapy and strategies for treatment round out the book, making it an ideal resource for researchers and professional scientists in toxicology, environmental chemistry, environmental science, nanomaterials and the pharmaceutical sciences. Covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and the interactions between specific heavy metals‒induced cell responses and oxidative stress Provides a better understanding of the mechanism of nanomaterial-induced toxicity as a first defense for hazard prevention Covers recent advances in new nanomedication technologies for the effects of NPs on oxidative stress, ROS and ER stress Discusses the effects of interactions between antioxidant defense therapy, ROS and strategies for treatment

This book provides insights and tools for better understanding redox biology and medicine and, in the long run, to finding new therapeutic strategies to target dysregulated redox processes in various diseases. It presents the recent advances in new nanomedication technologies of the effects of nanoparticles NPs on oxidative stress, RONS and ER stress. The book comprises 13 chapters covering ecotoxicology, cytotoxicity, nanotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms causing by the role and interactions of nanoparticles and free radicals with (RONS) and (ER) stress. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress as a mechanism for NPs induced toxicity has been discussed. The advances of nanotechnology and the effects of nanoparticles on oxidative stress, ROS and ER stress parameters are discussed. Antioxidants, therapeutic options and regulation of the immune responses are explained throughout the book.

Metallic nanoparticles display fascinating properties that are quite different from those of individual atoms, surfaces or bulk rmaterials. They are a focus of interest for fundamental science and, because of their huge potential in nanotechnology, they are the subject of intense research effort in a range of disciplines. Applications, or potential applications, are diverse and interdisciplinary. They include, for example, use in biochemistry, in catalysis and as chemical and biological sensors, as systems for nanoelectronics and nanostructured magnetism (e.g. data storage devices), where the drive for further miniaturization provides tremendous technological challenges and, in medicine, there is interest in their potential as agents for drug delivery. The book describes the structure of metallic nanoparticles, the experimental and theoretical techniques by which this is determined, and the models employed to facilitate understanding. The various methods for the production of nanoparticles are outlined. It surveys the properties of clusters and the methods of characterisation, such as photoionization, optical spectroscopy, chemical reactivity and magnetic behaviour, and discusses element-specific information that can be extracted by synchrotron-based techniques such as EXAFS, XMCD and XMLD. The properties of clusters can vary depending on whether they are free, deposited on a surface or embedded in a matrix of another material; these issues are explored. Clusters on a surface can be formed by the diffusion and aggregation of atoms; ways of modelling these processes are described. Finally we look at nanotechnology and examine the science behind the potential of metallic nanoparticles in chemical synthesis, catalysis, the magnetic separation of biomolecules, the detection of DNA, the controlled release of molecules and their relevance to data storage. The book addresses a wide audience. There was a huge development of the subject beginning in the mid-1980s where researchers began to study the properties of free nanoparticle and models were developed to describe the observations. The newcomer is introduced to the established models and techniques of the field without the need to refer to other sources to make the material accessible. It then takes the reader through to the latest research and provides a comprehensive list of references for those who wish to pursue particular aspects in more detail. It will also be an invaluable handbook for the expert in a particular aspect of nanoscale research who wishes to acquire knowledge of other areas. The authors are specialists in different aspects of the subject with expertise in physics and chemistry, experimental techniques and computational modelling, and in interdisciplinary research. They have collaborated in research. They have also collaborated in writing this book, with the aim from the outset of making it is a coherent whole rather than a series of independent loosely connected articles. * Appeals to a wide audience * Provides an introduction to established models and techniques in the field * Comprehensive list of references

The current volume entitled, "Free Radicals and Diseases" integrates knowledge in free radical-associated diseases from the basic level to the advanced level, and from the bench side to bed side. The chapters in this book provide an extensive overview of the topic, including free radical formations and clinical interventions.

Interest in the role of extracellular vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes) is expanding rapidly. It is now apparent that far from being merely cellular debris, these vesicles play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and signaling. Moreover, they are significantly elevated in a number of diseases. This raises the question of their direct role in pathogenesis as well as their possible use as biomarkers. This book stems from the first international meeting on "Microvesicles and Nanovesicles in Health and Disease" held at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 2010. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together, for the first time, a range of experts from around the world to discuss the latest advances in this field. Key to the study of these vesicles is the availability of methodologies for their measurement in biological fluids. A major section of the meeting focused on a range of exciting new technologies which have been developed for this purpose. The presentations at this meeting form the basis of this book, which will appeal to basic scientists, clinicians, and those developing technology for the measurement of extracellular vesicles.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been widely applied in many industrial sectors, including medicine, consumer products, and electronics. While such technology has brought benefits and convenience to our daily lives, it may also potentially threaten human health. In some cases, nanomaterials present unexpected risks to both humans and the environment. Assessments of the potential hazards associated with nanotechnology have been emerging, but substantial challenges remain, because the large number of different nanomaterials cannot be effectively evaluated in a timely manner. The development of a good strategy for a nanomaterials hazard assessment not only promotes the more widespread adoption of non-rodent or 3Rs principles, but also makes nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost- and time-efficient. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which nanomaterials perturb biological systems is critical for a more comprehensive elucidation of their nanotoxicity, and this will also facilitate the development of prevention and intervention policies against adverse outcomes induced by them. We hope that the articles included in this eBook can provide updated knowledge on nanotoxicology and nanosafety, from the point of view of both toxicology and ecotoxicology.

In this book, scientists pioneering the field have compiled a series of focused chapters to highlight the relevance of the BCL‐2 family of proteins in apoptosis, physiology and disease. An important focus of this volume is considering the potential TH ERA PEUT IC benefits of targeting apoptosis pathways in the context of human disease. Readers interested in understanding how a cell handles stress and the consequences of dysregulation of this process for human disease will find this book very valuable. It attempts to describe a fascinating area of research where physiology and biomedicine converge at different levels, revealing a trip from the molecular regulation of apoptosis to the impact of this process to the physiology of a whole organism.

This volume provides descriptions of the occurrence of the UPR, methods used to assess it, pharmacological tools and other methodological approaches to analyze its impact on cellular regulation. The authors explain how these methods are able to provide important biological insights This volume provides descriptions of the occurrence of the UPR, methods used to assess it, pharmacological tools and other methodological approaches to analyze its impact on cellular regulation The authors explain how these methods are able to provide important biological insights

"The first time I went to the United States was in 1953...to the Cold Spring Harbor symposium where Jim Watson described in detail his model of double helix. All these symposia were extremely important. I think Cold Spring Harbor was one of the birthplaces of molecular biology" - Francois Jacob The Symposia have been one of the great institutions of such research for over 70 years and the history of whole fields can be found in the pages of the Symposia volumes. The 78th Cold Spring Harbor Symposium addresses Immunity & Tolerance. Topics include: · Stem cells and cell fate decisions · Regulation of immune cell development · Antigen receptor gene assembly and modification · Signal transduction · Regulation of lymphocyte function · Innate immune response and inflammation · Adaptive immunity · Mucosal immunity · Organ specific immunity · Immune regulation and tolerance · Autoimmunity and allergy · Immunity and cancer · Pathogen-immune system interactions · Vaccine development · Novel strategies to engineer/harness immunity

This book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles’ toxicity, their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex plant-nanomaterial interactions.

An authoritative treatment of the discovery, development, and understanding of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Addresses the major classes of chemotherapeutic agents, including antimetabolites, agents that react with DNA, inhibitors of transcription enzymes, topoisomerase inhibitors, DNA minor-groove binding compounds, antimotic agents, bleomycin group antitumor antibiotics, antihormones, paclitaxels, and photochemically activated agents. Provides an overview of the various classes of agents now considered important. Examines a method for determining the similarity of mechanism of the compounds in a given class.

Apoptosis is an essential biochemical process in cell turnover, development, and chemical-induced cell death. Current knowledge and ongoing research of apoptosis highlight our understanding in designing the therapeutic approaches for several diseases. This book covers four main sections: "Apoptosis and Necrosis," "Apoptosis Inducers," "Proteasome and Signaling Pathways in Apoptosis," and "Radiation-Based Apoptosis." The first section implicitly describes the differences between apoptosis and necrosis processes. The following section elaborates the small molecule-induced apoptosis. Then, the third section deals with proteasome and signaling pathways and finally, resistance to chemotherapy and electromagnetic radiation is covered in the last section. Overall, the book deals with pathways for manipulating apoptosis and provides a unique perspective to the scientists.

A global research community of scientists is teasing out the biochemical mechanisms that regulate normal cellular physiology in a variety of organisms. Much of current research aims to understand the network of molecular reactions that regulate cellular homeostasis, and to learn what allows cells to sense stress and activate appropriate biochemical responses. Advanced molecular tools and state-of-the-art imaging techniques discussed in this book continue to provide novel insights into how environmental changes impact organisms, as well as to develop therapeutic interventions for correcting aberrant pathways in human disease.

As the body of research on apoptosis grows, it paradoxically becomes simpler as the principles that define the field become more flexible and inclusive. Discussions of the role of cell death in AIDS, inflammatory disease, lung and cardiac disease, and lupus each emphasize the importance of understanding and regulating inflammation and the production of apoptotic bodies. Included in these proceedings is an in-depth review of the role of death cell genes, including intriguing studies of the existence of inhibitors of apoptosis in embryos. Many of these researchers now feel it is a combination, rather than any single gene, that activates apoptosis.

Choice Recommended Title, April 2020 This comprehensive book, edited by two leading experts in nanotechnology and bioengineering with contributions from a global team of specialists, provides a detailed overview of the environmental and health impacts associated with the toxicology of nanomaterials. Special attention is given to nanomaterial toxicity during synthesis, production and application, and chapters throughout are focused on key areas that are important for future research and development of nanomaterials. This book will be of interest to advanced students studying biomedical engineering and materials science, PhD researchers, post-docs and academics working in the area of nanotechnology, medicine, manufacturing and regulatory bodies. Features: Collates and critically evaluates various aspects of the toxicology of nanomaterials in one comprehensive text Discusses the various effects of nanocrystals including the morphologies on cytotoxicity, in addition to the environmental and cytotoxicity risks of graphene and 2D nanomaterials Explores practical methods of detection and quantification, with applications in the environmental and healthcare fields

Recent years have witnessed an avalanche of new knowledge implicating free radicals in virtually every aspect of biology and medicine. It is now axiomatic that the regulated accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to organismal health and well-being and that ROS serve as signaling molecules involved in cell growth, differentiation, gene regulation, replicative senescence and apoptosis. This book is an interdisciplinary text broken up into three consecutive volumes on the biochemistry and cellular/molecular biology of free radicals, transition metals, oxidants and antioxidants, and the role of oxidative stress in human health and disease.

This edited book, Nanomaterials - Toxicity and Risk Assessment, is a collection of current research and information on numerous advances on the toxicity and hazardous effects of nanomaterials, including theoretical and experimental approaches as well as nanotechnology applications in the field of medicine, pharmacology, and the manufacture of nanoscale materials. Based on the large number of nanomaterial applications, a careful understanding of the associated systemic and local toxicity is critically required.

This second volume of “Progress in Photon Science – Recent Advances” presents the latest achievements made by world-leading researchers in Russia and Japan. Thanks to recent advances in light source technologies; detection techniques for photons, electrons, and charged particles; and imaging technologies, the frontiers of photon science are now being expanding rapidly. Readers will be introduced to the latest research efforts in this rapidly growing research field through topics covering bioimaging and biological photochemistry, atomic and molecular phenomena in laser fields, laser–plasma interaction, advanced spectroscopy, electron scattering in laser fields, photochemistry on novel materials, solid-state spectroscopy, photoexcitation dynamics of nanostructures and clusters, and light propagation.

The role of oxidative stress in human disease has become an area of intense interest. Free radicals, a normal product of metabolism, exist in all aerobic cells in balance with biochemical antioxidants. Environmental stress increases the levels of free radicals drastically, thereby disturbing the equilibrium between free radical production and the antioxidant capability causing oxidative stress. Over the years, ROS has been implicated in the pathologies of various diseases like cancer, neurological disorder, cardiovascular diseases rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes etc. This book provides an in depth critical state-of-art reviews from established investigators on free radicals, ROS associated pathogenesis of human diseases, biomarkers of oxidative damage, antioxidants, phytonutrients and other related health concerns of modern society. The present book is aimed at graduate students, researchers in academia, industry and clinicians with the interest in redox biology. Special attention has been devoted to the topic of ROS signalling, oxidative stress induced human pathologies & antioxidative therapies. The book consists of four parts in specified topics based on the current literatures for the better understanding of the readers with respect to their subject-wise interests. The first section of the book provides an overview about the ROS production and their measuring tools and techniques followed by the mechanisms involved in the oxidative stress in the second section. The third section describes the involvement of oxidative stress in different human diseases and the last section focuses on the different strategies to ameliorate oxidative stress induced stress.

This book provides an overview of the design and physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles developed for biomedical applications such as targeting and detection of pathologies, nanovectorization of drugs, radiosensitization, metal detection, and nanocomposite implants. The considerations necessary when developing a new nanomedicine are also developed, including toxicological investigation, biodistribution, and efficacy. This book provides an accurate and current representation of the field by addressing the promises and hurdles of nanomedicine via 20 different pertinent studies. Covering a wide range of areas, this book is an excellent partner for physico-chemists, doctors, pharmacologists, and biochemists working on nanosciences dedicated to medicine, both in industry and in academia.