Transport Phenomena In Micro And Nanoscale Functional Materials And Devices

Transport Phenomena in Micro- and Nanoscale Functional Materials and Devices offers a pragmatic view on transport phenomena for micro- and nanoscale materials and devices, both as a research tool and as a means to implant new functions in materials. Chapters emphasize transport properties (TP) as a research tool at the micro/nano level and give an experimental view on underlying techniques. The relevance of TP is highlighted through the interplay between a micro/nanocarrier’s characteristics and media characteristics: long/short-range order and disorder excitations, couplings, and in energy conversions. Later sections contain case studies on the role of transport properties in functional nanomaterials. This includes transport in thin films and nanostructures, from nanogranular films, to graphene and 2D semiconductors and spintronics, and from read heads, MRAMs and sensors, to nano-oscillators and energy conversion, from figures of merit, micro-coolers and micro-heaters, to spincaloritronics. Presents a pragmatic description of electrical transport phenomena in micro- and nanoscale materials and devices from an experimental viewpoint Provides an in-depth overview of the experimental techniques available to measure transport phenomena in micro- and nanoscale materials Features case studies to illustrate how each technique works Highlights emerging areas of interest in micro- and nanomaterial transport phenomena, including spintronics

As a fast-emerging and growing class of magnetic materials, ferrites have generated an increasing amount of interest for providing specific magnetic properties through controlled mixture in composites. The study of magnetic ferrite nanocomposites requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving novel synthesis techniques and an understanding of solid-state physics, electronic engineering, and material science. Magnetic Ferrites and Related Nanocomposites covers recent trends of various types of ferrite nanocomposites and evaluating the mechanisms for interpreting static and dynamic magnetic properties. Sections cover the fundamentals of magnetism, introducing different kinds of ferrites, ferrite characterization techniques, magneto-electric ferrite nanocomposites, exchange spring ferrite nanocomposites, shielding effectiveness and microwave absorption characteristics of ferrite-carbon materials, photocatalytic application of ferrite nanocomposites, and novel synthesis techniques for fabricating ferrite in nanoparticles, bulks, thin films, and nanofiber configurations. This book is an important reference for scientists, researchers, graduate students, and practitioners active in this field in order to broaden their understanding of ferrite nanocomposites and their impact on modern technology. Provides background information regarding various basic magnetic phenomena and related theories, and defines the different natures of magnetic materials Covers a wide range of hard and soft ferrites and related nanocomposites, particularly focusing on the correlation between structural features and magnetic analysis Explores the role of substituted cations on the structural, thermal, magnetic, and microwave characteristics of ferrites and their nanocomposites Discusses the mechanism involved for magnetic properties of major types of ferrite-ferroelectric magneto-electric components, exchange spring ferrite nanocomposites for fabricating next-generation permanent magnets, ferrite carbon nanocomposites for suppressing high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, and ferrite photocatalysts for omitting pollutants from our environment Assesses the major challenges of experimental characterization and novel manufacturing techniques for fabrication of high quality ferrite, in terms of purity, shape, size, and distribution, and the application on an industrial scale

Chemistry of Functional Materials Surfaces and Interfaces: Fundamentals and Applications gives a descriptive account of interfacial phenomena step-by-step, from simple to complex, to provide readers with a strong foundation of knowledge in interfacial materials chemistry. Many case studies are provided to give real-world examples of problems and their solutions, allowing readers to make the connection between fundamental understanding and applications. Emerging applications in nanomaterials and nanotechnology are also discussed. Throughout the book, the author explains the common interface and surface equations, models, methods, and applications in the creation of functional materials. The goal of Chemistry of Functional Materials Surfaces and Interfaces is to provide readers with the basic understanding of the common tools of surface and interface chemistry for application in materials science and nanotechnology. This book is suitable for researchers and practitioners in the disciplines of materials science and engineering and surface and interface chemistry. Includes numerous real-world examples and case studies throughout Addresses emerging applications of interfacial materials chemistry in nanomaterials and nanotechnology Provides the foundational concepts of surface and interfacial science with models, equation, and methods

This book combines the proceedings of Symposium Q, Magnetoelectronics-Novel Magnetic Phenomena in Nanostructures, and Symposium R, Advanced Characterization of Artificially Structured Magnetic Materials, both from the 2002 MRS Fall Meeting in Boston. The common focus is on artificially engineered nanostructured magnetic systems. The two symposia address new phenomena in magnetoelectronic applications, their preparation, and advanced methodology for characterization. Interest in nanomagnetism has been catalyzed by advances in two fields of research. 1) Advances in materials synthesis of structures whose length scales transcend magnetic length scales and open the possibility for creating materials with new magnetic properties. Such structures include interfaces, superlattices, tunneling devices, nanostructures, and single-molecule magnets. 2) Advances in sample characterization techniques for nano-magnetism which allow detailed exploration of structure-property relationships in nanostructured magnetic systems. The volume highlights current trends in both fields and offers an outlook for further advances and new capabilities.

A primary driver of progress in nanoscience and technology is the continuing advances in the ability to measure structure, and particularly properties, at spatially localized scales. From the point of view of characterization, it is worth mentioning advances in the interpretation of processes in semiconductors, the ability to observe and manipulate metal, carbon and silicon nanowires and nanodots, and studies in molecular self-assembly. The papers in this book fall into two categories - those addressing classes of characterization techniques that emphasize how the combination of theoretical, experimental, and instrumentational developments lead to new capabilities in nanoscale characterization, and those focused on the use of various spatially localized approaches on a single phenomenon or materials issue. Topics include: characterization with electron optics; novel measurements of nanoscale properties; size-dependent behavior of nanoparticles; biological systems at the nanoscale; processing and properties of nanowires and heterostructures; and local phenomena in materials and microstructures.

Defects such as dislocations, antiphase domains and grain boundaries, interstitials/substitutionals, and vacancies affect many physical and mechanical properties of ordered intermetallics. As a result, they often play a decisive role in determining the macroscopic behavior of not just structural intermetallics but also 'functional' intermetallics such as shape memory alloys and hydrogen storage materials. This book follows in the general tradition of the highly successful series of MRS symposia titled High-Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys. However, it also represents a significant departure from its predecessors: it includes papers on functional intermetallics in addition to papers on structural intermetallics; and focuses on defects and how they affect various properties of interest in structural and functional intermetallics. Roughly 30 percent of the papers in the book are on functional intermetallics, including materials for hydrogen storage, magnetic, and shape memory applications. The remaining papers deal with structural intermetallics, including the still active areas of nickel-, iron-, and titanium-aluminides, as well as the newer materials for ultrahigh-temperature applications.

Being able to directly relate the final properties with the intimate structure provides a unique insight into the functionality of materials and devices, especially when compared to the necessarily statistical nature of the information that can be retrieved by macroscopic measurements. In particular, the scale reduction associated with the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology revolution demands characterization tools capable of reaching an unprecedented resolution, in a wide range of fields, not only for standard quality control, but in order to understand the properties of matter at the nanoscale. Going from bigger to smaller devices, but also from elemental building blocks (even atoms) to bigger assemblies, basic properties and device functionalities meet. With its ability to provide different kinds of information at a very high spatial resolution, state-of-the-art TEM and related techniques are in the core of this multidisciplinary and rapidly growing field. The first major topic is related to the assessment of local atomic ordering/disordering phenomena in functional materials. A series of rare earth niobates (RE3NbO7) will be studied in order to understand the microstructural origin of their proton conduction properties, that make them excellent candidates to be used as electrode materials in solid oxide fuel cells. Also, single crystals of the tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) Sr0.33Ba0.66Nb2O6 (SBN-67) will be studied by different TEM techniques in order to assess the possible short range structural and/or chemical disorder. These features are thought to be responsible for the observed macroscopic uniaxial polarization vector of the material as well as its relaxor properties. A second major topic of interest will be the phenomena taking place at interfaces. This includes the characterization of a set of LaNiO3 perovskite thin films grown on different substrates (LAO, LSAT, STO, YAO). The effect of the substrate-induced compressive/tensile strain, given by lattice mismatch, on the structure of the films will be assessed and related to the observed electric transport properties. The interfaces in a GaN/InAlN multilayered system designed as a Bragg reflector for laser cavities applications will be investigated in order to account for a lower than expected reflectivity of the devices. The presence of structural defects and the detection of intergrowth of wurtzite and zinc blende phases of GaN in thin films will be addressed. Also regarding interfaces and strain conditions, the characterization of the free surface of Nb2O5 nanorods, as a key point for their humidity sensing properties. Expanding on this, the strain state of Nb2O5 when grown on SnO2 nanowires will also be studied. The coupling of the sensing capabilities of Nb2O5 with the electrical transport properties of SnO2 is of particular interest for functional sensing devices. Therefore, defects at the interface and strain state are of capital interest in order to understand the band structure alignment of the system. Interfaces in lower dimensionality systems will also be studied, as in the case of [email protected] dimers for applications in magnetoplasmonics. The epitaxial quality, strain, and the possible chemical diffusion through the contact surface of the two phases of the dimer are key aspects in order to properly tailor their optical properties. The last major topic is the mapping of magnetic fields at the nanoscale. The magnetic configurations of different geometric arrangements of magnetite Fe3O4 nanocubes will be studied. This characterization is aimed at obtaining enhanced responses in magnetic hyperthermia treatments for cancer. Given the strong interrelationship between the problems under study, the chapter structure follows the dimensionality of the systems under study (3D, 2D, 1D and 0D systems).

The MRS Symposium Proceeding series is an internationally recognised reference suitable for researchers and practitioners.

This book presents the basic theory and experimental techniques of transport phenomena in materials processing operations. Such fundamental knowledge is highly useful for researchers and engineers in the field to improve the efficiency of conventional processes or develop novel technology. Divided into four parts, the book comprises 11 chapters describing the principles of momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer in single phase and multiphase systems. Each chapter includes examples with solutions and exercises to facilitate students’ learning. Diagnostic problems are also provided at the end of each part to assess students’ comprehension of the material. The book is aimed primarily at students in materials science and engineering. However, it can also serve as a useful reference text in chemical engineering as well as an introductory transport phenomena text in mechanical engineering. In addition, researchers and engineers engaged in materials processing operations will find the material useful for the design of experiments and mathematical models in transport phenomena. This volume contains unique features not usually found in traditional transport phenomena texts. It integrates experimental techniques and theory, both of which are required to adequately solve the inherently complex problems in materials processing operations. It takes a holistic approach by considering both single and multiphase systems, augmented with specific practical examples. There is a discussion of flow and heat transfer in microscale systems, which is relevant to the design of modern processes such as fuel cells and compact heat exchangers. Also described are auxiliary relationships including turbulence modeling, interfacial phenomena, rheology, and particulate systems, which are critical to many materials processing operations.

This book demonstrates how the new phenomena in the nanometer scale serve as the basis for the invention and development of novel nanoelectronic devices and how they are used for engineering nanostructures and metamaterials with unusual properties. It discusses topics such as superconducting spin-valve effect and thermal spin transport, which are important for developing spintronics; fabrication of nanostructures from antagonistic materials like ferromagnets and superconductors, which lead to a novel non-conventional FFLO-superconducting state; calculations of functional nanostructures with an exotic triplet superconductivity, which are the basis for novel nanoelectronic devices, such as superconducting spin valve, thin-film superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and memory-elements (MRAM). Starting with theoretical chapters about triplet superconductivity, the book then introduces new ideas and approaches in the fundamentals of superconducting electronics. It presents various quantum devices based on the new theoretical approaches, demonstrating the enormous potential of the electronics of 21st century - spintronics. The book is useful for a broad audience, including researchers, engineers, PhD graduates, students and others wanting to gain insights into the frontiers of nanoscience.