Neuropsychiatric Complications Of Hiv

Mental health and HIV/AIDS are closely interlinked. Mentaldisorders, including substance-use disorders, are associated withincreased risk of HIV infection and affect adherence to andefficacy of antiretroviral treatments. Conversely, HIVinfection can increase risk for neuropsychiatric complicationsincluding stress, mood, and neurocognitive disorders. This book provides clinicians with a comprehensive evidenced-basedand practical approach to the management of patients with HIVinfection and co-morbid mental disorders. It provides up-to-dateand clear overviews of current clinical issues, as well as therelevant basic science. Information and data from studies ofdifferent HIV groups (eg men who have sex with men) make the textrelevant to a broad spectrum of clinicians, including those workingwith low socioeconomic status groups in high income countries andthose working in the developing world. The book uses the popular format of the World PsychiatricAssociation’s Evidence and Experience series. Reviewchapters summarize the evidence on the epidemiology, pathogenesisand clinical aspects of mental disorders in HIV,and interventions(both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology including drug-druginteractions). These are complemented by commentariesaddressing particular facets of each topic and providing insightgained from clinical experience. Psychiatrists, psychologists and all mental health staff workingwith HIV-infected patients will find this book of greatbenefit.

This comprehensive text focuses on psychiatric issues associated with HIV/AIDS and provides clinicians with a basic understanding of epidemiology, virology, transmission, and medical treatments inclusive of occupational exposures. Psychosocial, spiritual, and sociocultural aspects of HIV/AIDS are covered, describing implications of HIV/AIDS across minority groups. The treatment section allows clinicians to organize an effective psychiatric treatment plan for all mental disorders associated with HIV/AIDS. Issues of adherence, prevention, and public well-being are emphasized throughout. The management of medical problems such as delirium, dementia, and pain management in special HIV/AIDS patients with co-morbid substance abuse as well as end of life care is also included.

This volume aims at presenting the latest international research and discoveries in the neurocognitive aspects and complications in HIV/AIDS, and how this understanding can shape and inform how we think about clinical practice and patient care in HIV/AIDS as well as lead to a better understanding of the underlying neuropathogenesis. The chapter, "Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Impacts on the Pathophysiology and Phenotype of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders", of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com

Thanks to advances in Anti-Retrovial Drugs (ARTs), HIV is treatable and those who have the disease are often able to lead a normal life. However, as a chronic (and incurable) infectious disease, HIV positive patients are susceptible to neuropsychiatric complications. These complications reduce the quality of life for the individual and exponentially increases the cost of medical care and medications to treat both conditions. Neuropsychiatric Complications of HIV examines these neuropsychiatric complications prevalent in those who are HIV positive, providing clinical correlation, translational significance, and details guides to neurocognitive assessment, brain imaging, and related neuropharmacology. Written for clinicians, researchers, and students working with HIV and AIDS, the book begins with the biology of HIV, a complete look at available ARTs and antibodies, as well as diagnostics tools for HIV. It continues on to the epidemiology of NeuroAIDs and the manifestations of it-cognitive deficits, dementia, depression, agitation, psychosis, and cognitive slowing. Includes at-a-glance flow charts for clinical strategy Presents Review Questions to enhance the understanding of content Calls out Translational Significance in each chapter Examines ethical issues and possible solutions Provides extensive list of online resources for related subject material

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the recent trends in various Nanotechnology-based therapeutics and challenges associated with its development. Nanobiotechnology is an interdisciplinary research that has wide applications in the various fields of biomedical research. The book discusses the various facets of the application of Nanotechnology in drug delivery, clinical diagnostics, Nanomedicine and treatment of infectious and chronic diseases. The book also highlights the recent advancements on important devices and applications that are based on Nanotechnology in medicine and brief the regulatory and ethical issues related to nanomedical devices. It also reviews the toxicological profile of various nanomaterials and emphasizes the need for safe nanomaterials for clinical use. Finally, the book discusses the recent developments of potential commercial applications of Nanotechnology.

Current data and trends in morbidity and mortality for the sub-Saharan Region as presented in this new edition reflect the heavy toll that HIV/AIDS has had on health indicators, leading to either a stalling or reversal of the gains made, not just for communicable disorders, but for cancers, as well as mental and neurological disorders.

The HIV epidemic has had a significant and profound impact on the world and health resources. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the risks and drivers of the epidemic. Antiretroviral drugs have relieved human suffering and prolonged life. However, access to quality management needs to scale up and be made universal. This book discusses critical issues related to the treatment of HIV infection and related co-infections and challenges in adherence and discordancy. New vaccine approaches discussed may provide the ultimate solution for eradication. Sharing knowledge from various experts in medical and basic sciences improves the quality of care for this persistent global threat. This book discusses emerging advances in HIV-AIDS management to support strategies for control and elimination.

This book focuses on how to formulate a mental health response with respect to the unique elements of pandemic outbreaks. Unlike other disaster psychiatry books that isolate aspects of an emergency, this book unifies the clinical aspects of disaster and psychosomatic psychiatry with infectious disease responses at the various levels, making it an excellent resource for tackling each stage of a crisis quickly and thoroughly. The book begins by contextualizing the issues with a historical and infectious disease overview of pandemics ranging from the Spanish flu of 1918, the HIV epidemic, Ebola, Zika, and many other outbreaks. The text acknowledges the new infectious disease challenges presented by climate changes and considers how to implement systems to prepare for these issues from an infection and social psyche perspective. The text then delves into the mental health aspects of these crises, including community and cultural responses, emotional epidemiology, and mental health concerns in the aftermath of a disaster. Finally, the text considers medical responses to situation-specific trauma, including quarantine and isolation-associated trauma, the mental health aspects of immunization and vaccination, survivor mental health, and support for healthcare personnel, thereby providing guidance for some of the most alarming trends facing the medical community. Written by experts in the field, Psychiatry of Pandemics is an excellent resource for infectious disease specialists, psychiatrists, psychologists, immunologists, hospitalists, public health officials, nurses, and medical professionals who may work patients in an infectious disease outbreak.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) commonly enters the central nervous system, disturbs brain function, and ultimately results in serious brain damage. The most dangerous manifestation of this infection of the brain is HIV-associated dementia, which includes extreme memory loss, slowness in thinking, disorientation, and social incapacity. Most persons who are HIV-infected do not develop severe dementia; however, perhaps 50% of those with AIDS and a smaller proportion of HIV-infected carriers suffer from more subtle brain disorders that can be revealed by proper neuropsychological testing. This ground-breaking volume is the first to summarize the current state of knowledge about the neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV-1 infection. With contributions from leading authorities in the field, the book fully discusses the prevalence, qualitative features, natural course, and effects of neuropsychological impairments in persons with HIV infection. Neuropsychological data are related to findings from studies of brain imaging, neuropathology, and the effects of antiretroviral treatments. This critical work will be essential for neuropsychologists, infectious disease physicians, neurologists, and all those involved in AIDS research and treatment.

Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation, Second Edition, provides a helpful guide to anyone seeking a thorough review of animal biotechnology and its application to human disease and welfare. This updated edition covers vital fundamentals, including animal cell cultures, genome sequencing analysis, epigenetics and animal models, gene expression, and ethics and safety concerns, along with in-depth examples of implications for human health and prospects for the future. New chapters cover animal biotechnology as applied to various disease types and research areas, including in vitro fertilization, human embryonic stem cell research, biosensors, enteric diseases, biopharming, organ transplantation, tuberculosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. Highlights the latest biomedical applications of genetically modified and cloned animals, with a focus on cancer and infectious diseases Offers first-hand accounts of the use of biotechnology tools, including molecular markers, stem cells, animal cultures, tissue engineering, ADME and CAM Assay Includes case studies that illustrate safety assessment issues, ethical considerations, and intellectual property rights associated with the translation of animal biotechnology studies

This textbook is comprised of sections and chapters that provide insight into the interface between the psychiatric, medical, and social dimensions of HIV and AIDS. The editors use a biopsychosocial approach to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the psychiatric andpsychodynamic complexities involved with the prevention of transmission of HIV infection and with the care of persons with HIV and AIDS. The data presented are both from clinical experience and from evidence-based medicine. There is probably no other illness in which the connections between mind andbody are so inextricably woven.In the first section, we explore the history of AIDS psychiatry, one that is pervaded with secrecy, stigma, discrimination, fear, and death. We provide an overview of the AIDS pandemic and the tragic results of the burgeoning of new cases despite the enormous available knowledge base for theprevention of HIV transmission. We document the intimate connection of brain and HIV and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in persons with AIDS and other manifestations of HIV infection. There is no other illness in which the importance of a thorough assessment provides the information forprevention, adherence, and excellence in care. Because of HIV brain involvement, each evaluation needs to include a complete cognitive assessment as well as a full assessment for mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychotic disorders. Some cogent examples include cytomegalovirus retinitispresenting as visual hallucinations, cryptococcal meningitis presenting as mania, depression presenting as cognitive impairment, and cognitive impairment presenting as nonadherence to complex antiretroviral treatment.In the third decade of the AIDS pandemic, underserved populations may not have access to medical or psychiatric care. Mental illness, including drug and alcohol addictions, contribute to HIV transmission and can also serve as obstacles to care. Poverty, politics, domestic violence, and lack ofaccess to education are additional barriers to both HIV prevention and access to care in the Western Hemisphere and throughout the world. In areas where medical care and HIV care are available, persons with HIV and AIDS can have the same life expectancies as the general population and require thesame medical care as persons without HIV.This textbook provides a basic understanding of the comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions that cause distress, morbidity, and mortality in persons with HIV and AIDS while at the same time examining the public health and public policy aspects of the epidemic with a biopsychosocialapproach.

This issue of Critical Care Clinics focuses on Psychiatric Aspects of Critical Care Medicine. Editor Jose Maldonado has assembled an expert team of authors on topics such as: Psychiatric Aspects of Organ Transplantation in Critical Care; Medical Complications of Psychiatric Treatment; Psychiatric and Palliative Care in the ICU; Psychiatric Aspects of Heart and Lung Disease in Critical Care; Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes: Assessment and Management; Substance Abuse and Withdrawal in the Critical Care Setting; Mood Disorders and The Outcome of Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts; Anxiety Disorders and the Outcomes of Trauma; Assessment and Management of Toxidromes in the Critical Care Unit; Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Trauma and Head Injury; Detection and Management of Pre-Existing Cognitive Impairment in the Critical Care Unit; Delirium: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment; Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Infectious Processes.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of HIV and AIDS including NeuroAIDS, as well as general concepts of pathology, immunity and immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of HIV/AIDS including NeuroAIDS, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances and future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

This practice guideline seeks to summarize data and specific forms of treatment regarding the care of patients with HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this guideline is to assist the psychiatrist in caring for a patient with HIV/AIDS by reviewing the treatments that patients with HIV/AIDS may need.

This comprehensive and integrative book examines the role that infectious agents play in the etiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, mood disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Recent advances in technology and methodology now afford a meaningful examination of the infectious etiologies of neuropsychiatric disorders, and by drawing on the contributions of an international panel of experts, this work provides an unprecedented analysis of this emerging field by examining evidence from epidemiologic, serologic and animal models. Providing the most up-to-date information about infectious causes for various neuropsychiatric disorders currently available, this text is a solid foundation for all clinicians and neuroscientists interested in immunologic and infectious etiologies for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Clinical Manual of Neuropsychiatry offers clinicians the comprehensive, expert guidance that they require to deliver cutting-edge, effective, and compassionate patient care. Practical, comprehensive, and exhaustively researched, Clinical Manual of Neuropsychiatry is an indispensible resource for professionals.

This book is a practical guide in understanding how to prevent HIV transmission, to recognize risk behaviors, and to add something else to their repertoires. It aims to empower clinicians and provide a sense of security and competence with the recognition and understanding of some of the psychiatric illnesses that complicate and perpetuate the HIV pandemic that continue to persist throughout every area of the world despite the magnitude of the progress that has transformed the illness from a rapidly fatal to chronic illness that is no longer life-limiting. Missing in most of the literature on HIV is the subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, contribution of psychiatric symptoms, psychiatric illness, and risk behaviors that drive the pandemic and serve as catalysts for new infections. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art understanding of not only prevention but also a way to recognize risk behaviors, psychiatric symptoms, and psychiatric illnesses that will demystify and decode the sometimes enigmatic and frustrating reasons for nonadherence with diagnostic procedures and life-saving treatments and care. All behaviors and pathology are covered as well as the resources and treatments available. The goal of this text is to refresh knowledge on the current state of psychiatric illness management among people living with HIV, to provide a concise volume on the psychiatric aspects of HIV prevention and treatment that substantially impact the overall care of the patient, and to help understand the psychiatric catalysts of the pandemic Written by experts in the field, HIV Psychiatry: A Practical Guide for Clinicians provides enduring guidance to medical and other professionals caring for complicated clinical patients as they face ongoing challenges in working with persons with HIV and AIDS.