Intra And Intermolecular Interactions Between Non Covalently Bonded Species

The study of gases, clusters, liquids, and solids as units or systems, eventually focuses on the properties of these systems as governed by interactions between atoms, molecules, and radicals that are not covalently bonded to one another. The stereo/spatial properties of molecular species themselves are similarly controlled, with such interactions found throughout biological, polymeric, and cluster systems and are a central feature of chemical reactions. Nevertheless, these interactions are poorly described and characterized, with efforts to do so, usually based on a particular quantum or even classical mechanical procedure, obscuring the fundamental nature of the interactions in the process. Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions Between Noncovalently Bonded Species addresses this issue directly, defining the nature of the interactions and discussing how they should and should not be described. It reviews both theoretical developments and experimental procedures in order to explore interactions between nonbonded entities in such a fundamental manner as to elucidate their nature and origins. Drawing attention to the extensive experience of its editor and team of expert authors, Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions Between Noncovalently Bonded Species is an indispensable guide to the foundational knowledge, latest advances, most pressing challenges, and future directions for all those whose work is influenced by these interactions. Comprehensively describes the nature of interactions between nonbonded species in biological systems, liquids, crystals, clusters, and in particular, water. Combines fundamental, theoretical, background information based on various approximations with the knowledge of experimental techniques. Outlines interactions clearly and consistently with a particular focus on frequency and time-resolved spectroscopies as applied to these interactions.

Proceedings of the Second Structural Chemistry Indaba held in Kruger Park, South Africa, August 3-8, 1997

This book explores chemical bonds, their intrinsic energies, andthe corresponding dissociation energies which are relevant inreactivity problems. It offers the first book on conceptual quantumchemistry, a key area for understanding chemical principles andpredicting chemical properties. It presents NBO mathematicalalgorithms embedded in a well-tested and widely used computerprogram (currently, NBO 5.9). While encouraging a "look under thehood" (Appendix A), this book mainly enables students to gainproficiency in using the NBO program to re-express complexwavefunctions in terms of intuitive chemical concepts and orbitalimagery.

Contributions featuring the chemistry and applications of a family of macrocyclic compounds collectively known as 'calixarenes' are presented in this edited volume. The arsenal of structures based on calixarenes provides tools which are effective in numerous areas of supramolecular chemistry. The Editors have compiled a timely volume which contains up to date, high calibre contributions from a large number of international authors. A broad perspective on the progress and future of calixarene chemistry is presented. Aimed at students and researchers active in Supramolecular Chemistry.

The maturation of nanotechnology has revealed it to be a unique and distinct discipline rather than a specialization within a larger field. Its textbook cannot afford to be a chemistry, physics, or engineering text focused on nano. It must be an integrated, multidisciplinary, and specifically nano textbook. The archetype of the modern nano textbook, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology builds a solid background in characterization and fabrication methods while integrating the physics, chemistry, and biology facets. The remainder of this color text focuses on applications, examining engineering aspects as well as nanomaterials and industry-specific applications in such areas as energy, electronics, and biotechnology. Also available in two course-specific volumes: Introduction to Nanoscience elucidates the nanoscale along with the societal impacts of nanoscience, then presents an overview of characterization and fabrication methods. The authors systematically discuss the chemistry, physics, and biology aspects of nanoscience, providing a complete picture of the challenges, opportunities, and inspirations posed by each facet before giving a brief glimpse at nanoscience in action: nanotechnology. Fundamentals of Nanotechnology surveys the field’s broad landscape, exploring the physical basics such as nanorheology, nanofluidics, and nanomechanics as well as industrial concerns such as manufacturing, reliability, and safety. The authors then explore the vast range of nanomaterials and systematically outline devices and applications in various industrial sectors. Qualifying instructors who purchase either of these volumes (or the combined set) are given online access to a wealth of instructional materials. These include detailed lecture notes, review summaries, slides, exercises, and more. The authors provide enough material for both one- and two-semester courses.

Tomorrow’s nanoscientist will have a truly interdisciplinary and nano-centric education, rather than, for example, a degree in chemistry with a specialization in nanoscience. For this to happen, the field needs a truly focused and dedicated textbook. This full-color masterwork is such a textbook. It introduces the nanoscale along with the societal impacts of nanoscience, then presents an overview of characterization and fabrication methods. The authors systematically discuss the chemistry, physics, and biology aspects of nanoscience, providing a complete picture of the challenges, opportunities, and inspirations posed by each facet before giving a brief glimpse at nanoscience in action: nanotechnology. This book is written to provide a companion volume to Fundamentals of Nanotechnology. The two companion volumes are also available bound together in the single volume, Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Qualifying instructors who purchase either of these volumes (or the combined set) are given online access to a wealth of instructional materials. These include detailed lecture notes, review summaries, slides, exercises, and more. The authors provide enough material for both one- and two-semester courses.

Surface forces and interactions are a key issue in colloid and surface science, including biopolymer systems. Covalent and ionic bonds determine the structure and composition of materials, but the weaker non-covalent interactions define their functions. This thesis deals with the surface forces and interactions occurring between biopolymer surfaces and affecting the self-assembly and interfacial behaviour of biopolymers. The research was aimed at deepening the understanding of molecular interactions and the nature and strength of surface forces in the studied biopolymer systems. The main research tool was atomic force microscopy (AFM). This technique allows imaging of the sample topography in either gas or liquid environments at high resolution. Data on intraand intermolecular interactions can also be obtained. Interesting phenomena revealed by AFM were supported and confirmed by other relevant surface analytical techniques. The nanomechanical force measurements focused on interactions relevant in papermaking, i.e. between cellulose and xylan, and food technology, i.e. between gliadins (wheat gluten proteins). In the cellulose-xylan interaction work the colloidal probe technique was exploited by attaching cellulose beads to the tip and to the sample surface. The interaction between these beads was measured in different xylan solutions. The main result of the cellulosic systems provided a new perspective on the role of xylan in papermaking. It has been reported previously that the adsorption of xylan increases paper strength and that this is due to formation of hydrogen bonds. Our results indicate that the increase in paper strength cannot originate from such bonds in wet paper, but must be due to effects of xylan on fibre bonds during drying of paper. The viscous and elastic properties of gliadins and glutenins facilitate the production of bread, pasta and many other food products from wheat flour. Gliadin proteins (alpha- and omega-gliadins) were attached to both the tip and the sample surfaces, and the interaction forces between monomeric gliadins (alpha-alpha, omega-omega, and alpha-omega) were measured. On the basis of the nanomechanical force measurements, different roles of different types of gliadins were proposed: whereas omega-gliadins still have a compact structure and are responsible for the viscous flow, alpha-gliadins have already started to participate in forming the network in dough. This may provide a new viewpoint in understanding the interfacial properties of gliadins in relation to baking. The studies of interfacial behaviour of biopolymers focused on hydrophobins, which are very surface active proteins. Hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins which self-assemble due to the interplay of various surface forces and interactions in solution and at interfaces. Films of Class II hydrophobins, HFBI and HFBII, at the air-water interface were transferred to solid supports and imaged by AFM. The interfacial films of hydrophobins were imaged at nanometer resolution. The results showed that both HFBI and HFBII form organised structures at the air-water interface. Moreover, the nanostructured films formed spontaneously. The HFBI films were imaged and the organised pattern was seen both on the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic side. The dimensions were similar to those of hydrophobin tetramers in solution obtained by small angle X-ray scattering. Protein engineering enabled assignment of a specific functionality to HFBI. The results confirmed the expected orientation of hydrophobins at the air-water interface, and indicated that the hydrophobin retained its capability to form organised films and the covalently attached molecule its functionality.

This book highlights the current state-of-the-art regarding the application of applied crystallographic methodologies for understanding, predicting and controlling the transformation from the molecular to crystalline state with the latter exhibiting pre-defined properties. This philosophy is built around the fundamental principles underpinning the three inter-connected themes of Form (what), Formation (how) and Function (why). Topics covered include: molecular and crystal structure, chirality and ferromagnetism, supramolecular assembly, defects and reactivity, morphology and surface energetics. Approaches for preparing crystals and nano-crystals with novel physical, chemical and mechanical properties include: crystallisation, seeding, phase diagrams, polymorphic control, chiral separation, ultrasonic techniques and mechano-chemistry. The vision is realised through examination of a range of advanced analytical characterisation techniques including in-situ studies. The work is underpinned through an unprecedented structural perspective of molecular features, solid-state packing arrangements and surface energetics as well as in-situ studies. This work will be of interest to researchers, industrialists, intellectual property specialists and policy makers interested in the latest developments in the design and supply of advanced high added-value organic solid-form materials and product composites.

Taking medication is a common occurrence for many people, whether it is to soothe an aching head, regulate blood sugars, or treat life-threatening conditions such as HIV or cancer. Examining how drugs are manufactured, formulated, and the way that they work in our bodies, Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides a wide-ranging overview of organic chemistry as it is applied to the study and practice of pharmacy. FEATURES * Supports an integrated pharmacy education * Focuses on the fundamental ideas that first-year students need to fully grasp before progressing in their studies * Demonstrates the connections between scientific concepts and principles and how they are applied to pharmacy * Written and edited by experts who have a wealth of teaching experience COMPANION WEBSITE For registered adopters of the book: - Figures from the book, available to download For students: - Self-assessment questions for each chapter - Related additional resources ABOUT THE SERIES The Integrated Foundations of Pharmacy series supports those who are at the beginning of their journey to become a pharmacist. Students will begin to understand how a drug molecule is made; the process that turns it into a medicine; the role the pharmacist has when dispensing that medicine; and what happens in the body when it is taken. Most importantly, the series shows how each of these aspects are integrated, reflecting the most up-to-date teaching practices.

The ongoing process of bio-evolution has produced materials which are perfectly adapted to fulfil a specific functional role. The natural world provides us with a multitude of examples of materials with durability, strength, mechanisms of programmed self-assembly and biodegradability. The materials industry has sought to observe and appreciate the relationship between structure, properties and function of these biological materials. A multidisciplinary approach, building on recent advances at the forefront of physics, chemistry and molecular biology, has been successful in producing many synthetic structures with interesting and useful properties. Structural Biological Materials: Design and Structure-Property Relationships represents an invaluable reference in the field of biological materials science and provides an incisive view into this rapidly developing and increasingly important topic within materials science. This book focuses on the study of three sub-groups of structural biological materials: • Hard tissue engineering, focussing on cortical bone • Soft tissue engineering • Fibrous materials, particularly engineering with silk fibers. The fundamental relationship between structure and properties, and certain aspects of design and engineering, are explored in each of the sub-groups. The importance of these materials, both in their intrinsic properties and specific functions, are illustrated with relevant examples. These depict the successful integration of material properties, architecture and shape, providing a wide range of optimised designs, tailored to specific functions. Edited by Manuel Elices of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, this book is Volume 4 in the Pergamon Material Series.

Chemistry,Third Edition, by Julia Burdge offers a clear writing style written with the students in mind. Julia uses her background of teaching hundreds of general chemistry students per year and creates content to offer more detailed explanation on areas where she knows they have problems. With outstanding art, a consistent problem-solving approach, interesting applications woven throughout the chapters, and a wide range of end-of-chapter problems, this is a great third edition text.

Emulsifiers are essential components of many industrial food recipes. They have the ability to act at the interface between two phases, and so can stabilise the desired mix of oil and water in a mayonnaise, ice cream or salad dressing. They can also stabilise gas/liquid mixtures in foams. More than that, they are increasingly employed in textural and organoleptic modification, in shelf life enhancement, and as complexing or stabilising agents for other components such as starch or protein. Applications include modifying the rheology of chocolate, the strengthening of dough, crumb softening and the retardation of staling in bread. This volume, now in a revised and updated second edition, introduces emulsifiers to those previously unfamiliar with their functions, and provides a state of the art account of their chemistry, manufacture, application and legal status for more experienced food technologists. Each chapter considers one of the main chemical groups of food emulsifiers. Within each group the structures of the emulsifiers are considered, together with their modes of action. This is followed by a discussion of their production / extraction and physical characteristics, together with practical examples of their application. Appendices cross-reference emulsifier types with applications, and give E-numbers, international names, synonyms and references to analytical standards and methods. This is a book for food scientists and technologists, ingredients suppliers and quality assurance personnel.

Topological Modelling of Nanostructures and Extended Systems completes and expands upon the previously published title within this series: The Mathematics and Topology of Fullerenes (Vol. 4, 2011) by gathering the latest research and advances in materials science at nanoscale. It introduces a new speculative area and novel concepts like topochemical reactions and colored reactive topological indices and provides a better understanding of the physical-chemical behaviors of extended systems. Moreover, a charming new family of space-filling fullerenic crystals is here analyzed for the first time. Particular attention is given to the fundamental influences exercised by long-range connectivity topological mechanisms on the chemical and physical properties of carbon nanostructures. Systems consisting in graphenic layers with structural and topological defects are investigated in their electronic and magnetic behaviors also in presence of metallic particles. More specifically, the book focuses on: - Electronic Properties of low dimensional nanostructures including negatively-curved carbon surfaces; Pariser-Parr-Pople model hamiltonian approach to graphene studies; - Topochemistry and Toporeactcivity of extended sp2-nanocarbons: PAH, fullerenes, nanoribbons, Moebius-like nanoribbons, nanotubes and grapheme; - Novel class of crystal networks arising from spanning fullerenes; - Nanostructures and eigenvectors of matrices and an extended treatise of topological invariants; - Enumeration hetero-fullerenes by Polya theory. Topological Modelling of Nanostructures and Extended Systems represents a valuable resource to advances graduates and researchers working in mathematics, chemistry, physics and material science.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry provides a wide-ranging overview of organic chemistry as applied to the study and practice of pharmacy. Drugs are simply chemicals, so to fully understand their manufacture, formulation, and the way they work in our bodies, a knowledge of organic compounds and their reactions is essential.

Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care

The book has been written in simple language to help self study. The concepts have been explained with the help of equations and diagrams. The diagrams have been nicely labeled for clear understanding. Numerical examples have been solved with systematic steps. Solved and unsolved problems have been included. Experiments prescribed for engineering chemistry course have been included. theory and principle of each experiment have been explained in detail. Experimental producers have been written in an step wise manner. Viva voice has been discussed at the end of each experiment. Important points have been emboldened.

This book aims to overview the role of non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen and halogen bonding, π-π, π-anion and electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic effects and van der Waals forces in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as in design of new crystals and function materials. The proposed book should allow to combine, in a systematic way, recent advances on the application of non-covalent interactions in synthesis and design of new compounds and functional materials with significance in Inorganic, Organic, Coordination, Organometallic, Pharmaceutical, Biological and Material Chemistries. Therefore, it should present a multi- and interdisciplinary character assuring a rather broad scope. We believe it will be of interest to a wide range of academic and research staff concerning the synthesis of new compounds, catalysis and materials. Each chapter will be written by authors who are well known experts in their respective fields.

Scientists studying the burning of stars, the evolution of species, DNA, the brain, the economy, and social change, all frequently describe their work as searching for mechanisms. Despite this fact, for much of the twentieth century philosophical discussions of the nature of mechanisms remained outside philosophy of science. The Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors, the Handbook is divided into four Parts: Historical perspectives on mechanisms The nature of mechanisms Mechanisms and the philosophy of science Disciplinary perspectives on mechanisms. Within these Parts central topics and problems are examined, including the rise of mechanical philosophy in the seventeenth century; what mechanisms are made of and how they are organized; mechanisms and laws and regularities; how mechanisms are discovered and explained; dynamical systems theory; and disciplinary perspectives from physics, chemistry, biology, biomedicine, ecology, neuroscience, and the social sciences. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of science, the Handbook will also be of interest to those in related fields, such as metaphysics, philosophy of psychology, and history of science.