Fibroblast Growth Factor 23

We present to our readers the proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Phosphate. A short account of the history of the effort led to the Phosphate Workshops is appro priate and can be of interest to the reader. The idea for Phosphate Workshops was born in the early days of November, 1974. One of us (S. G. M. ) suggested the thought to a group of scientists gathered for a luncheon in one of the attrac tive small restaurants in Weisbaden, Germany. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together interested scientists to discuss the newer developments and the recent advances in the field of phosphate metabolism and the other related minerals. An Organizing Committee made of Shaul G. Massry (USA), Louis V. Avioli (USA), Philippe Bordier (France), Herbert Fleisch (Switzerland), and Eduardo Slatopolsky (USA) was formed. The First Workshop was held in Paris during June 5-6, 1975 and was hosted by Dr. Philippe Bordier. Its proceeding was already published. The Second Workshop took place in Heidelberg during June 28-30, 1976 and was hosted by Dr. Eberhard Ritz. Both of these workshops were extremely successful scientific endeavors, and the need for them was demonstrated by the great interest they generated among the scientific community. The Or ganizing Committee, therefore, decided to continue with the tradi tion to hold additional Workshops annually or every other year.

αKlotho and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) were discovered independently about 20 years ago. Since their initial description, a series of exciting discoveries have revealed the important role of endocrine and paracrine FGF23 and αKlotho signaling not only for the physiological regulation of mineral and bone homeostasis, but also for the pathophysiology of diseases such as chronic kidney disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and disorders characterized by impaired bone mineralization. The 11 articles compiled in this Research Topic consist of three Original Research articles and 8 Reviews or Mini Reviews, and are an excellent source of information about the state of the art in the FGF23/αKlotho field, covering almost all aspects of FGF23/αKlotho biology.

Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management systematically examines the normal and abnormal endocrinology of the pregnant and lactating female and of the fetus and neonate. This reference volume expands coverage of specific disorders and diseases beyond the current endocrinology content on the market, which in most cases has a paragraph or no mention at all about pregnancy or aspects of fetal/neonatal development. Formalized source of maternal/fetal endocrine physiology and pathophysiology Key reference for fellows and residents for rarer endocrine pathologies Integrated presentation of new molecular and genetic causes of endocrine disorders Bridges the experience/knowledge gap of endocrinopathies rarely encountered in pregnancy

The enormous progress made during the last decade has resulted in a better conceptual understanding of mineral ion metabolism in general. With regard to chronic kidney disease, the two most affected nutrients are phosphate and vitamin D. This book provides an overview of the physiological aspects of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism, and how their pathological dysregulation facilitates advancement of chronic kidney disease. It looks into the complex molecular and organ cross-talks during disease progression that range from the involvement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF23)-klotho system to impaired phosphate transport to hormonal dysfunctions of PTH and vitamin D. Each chapter clearly presents the clinically and biologically important problems and lists the key unsolved issues related to chronic kidney disease and beyond. Illustrations explaining multi-factorial and multi-organ interactions provide an easy outline for the reader to appreciate the complex biological pathways. For those without prior familiarity with the subject matter, this volume may serve as a quick reference to get updated information on phosphate and vitamin D metabolism.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been recognized primarily as autocrine/paracrine factors that regulate embryonic development and organogenesis. However, recent studies have revealed that some FGFs function as endocrine factors and regulate various metabolic processes in adulthood. Such FGFs, collectively called endocrine FGFs, are comprised of three members (FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23: FGF15 is the mouse ortholog of human FGF19). These endocrine FGFs share a common structural feature that enables the endocrine mode of action at the expense of the affinity to FGF receptors. To restore the affinity to FGF receptors in their target organs, the endocrine FGFs have designated the Klotho family of transmembrane proteins as obligate co-receptors. By expressing Klothos in a tissue-specific manner, this unique co-receptor system also enables the endocrine FGFs to specify their target organs among many tissues that express FGF receptors.

The number of dialysis patients, and their ages, continues to increase globally. This creates major issues such as rising medical costs in an aging population, how to best manage end-of-life care, and how to train the various practitioners involved in dialysis care. After the US and China, Japan occupies 3rd place with regard to the number of dialysis patients and is also widely regarded as a world leader in dialysis. This book contains selected articles – organized into 4 chapters - that discuss recent advances in dialysis therapy in Japan. Chapter 1 presents insights into causes, risk factors, disease associations, and possible implications for management of dialysis patients. Chapter 2 examines recent progress in hemodialysis treatment, and chapter 3 focuses on developments in peritoneal dialysis. The final chapter concentrates on recent advances in apheresis and current trends in practice, among other topics. This book is aimed at nephrologists, physicians, urologists, nurses, clinical engineers, pharmacists, and nutritionists. It is a significant contribution to furthering the progress of dialysis therapy worldwide.

This comprehensive reference covers the impact of dietary phosphorus in phosphorus physiology, public health and the pathogenesis of disease. Divided into three parts, the first section is an overview of the history of phosphorus and the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis. The second section focuses on specific matters related to phosphorus in the food supply. Clinical applications of the material presented in the preceding sections are pulled together in the third section - including the importance of both phosphorus excess and phosphorus deficiency for the pathogenesis of a wide variety of disease including kidney, cardiovascular, bone and oncologic diseases. Clinical Aspects of Natural and Added Phosphorus in Foods is an indispensable resource for understanding the growing importance of dietary phosphorus content in health and disease, enhancing patient care and moving forward the field of phosphorus science.

After years of stagnation, much has been happening in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. This book contains a comprehensive review of the main developments in AKI, CKD, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. The section on AKI deals with the key innovations in extracorporeal technologies. The section on nephrology and CKD concentrates on mineral metabolism alterations, restenosis in hemodialytic fistulas, mycophenolate mofetil as an alternative treatment for IgA nephropathy, and the genetics and progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The part on hemodialysis includes contributions on expanded hemodialysis, potassium profiling and home hemodialysis. Chapters on the treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection after transplantation, pathogenesis and therapy of chronic allograft injury, and non-invasive surrogate biomarkers of acute rejection round out the subjects covered. Due to the wide variety of topics included in each section, this book is not only of interest to nephrologists, but also to professionals from related fields.

There has been a rapid expansion of knowledge in the field of paediatric calcium and bone disorders over the past twenty years. Advances have been made in the underlying genetic basis for many conditions in conjunction with progress in bone density and geometry imaging and the development of new treatment options. The 2nd revised edition of ‘Calcium and Bone Disorders in Children and Adolescents’ presents up-to-date information on many aspects included in the 1st edition such as the physiology, pathology, diagnosis and management of numerous conditions including a chapter of case histories illustrating clinical aspects. New chapters on skeletal dysplasias, the genetics of osteoporosis, radiological imaging of bone and a practical approach to a child with recurrent fractures are included. Providing a comprehensive update, this book is a useful clinical resource for paediatricians and specialists in endocrinology, metabolic bone disease, nephrology, rheumatology, radiology, orthopaedics and clinical genetics who may be faced with a child with a calcium and/or bone disorder.

This translational text offers in-depth reviews of the metabolic and nutritional disorders that are prevalent in patients with renal disease. Chapter topics address the growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Each chapter integrates basic and clinical approaches, from cell biology and genetics to diagnosis, patient management and treatment. Chapters in sections 4-7 include new illustrative case reports, and all chapters emphasize key concepts with chapter-ending summaries. New features also include the latest National Kidney Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure, the most recent scientific discoveries and the latest techniques for assessing nutritional status in renal disease, and literature reviews on patients who receive continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with or without dialysis. Provides a common language for nephrologists, nutritionists, endocrinologists, and other interested physicians to discuss the underlying research and translation of best practices for the nutritional management and prevention of renal disease Saves clinicians and researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on nutritional practice as opposed to searching through thousands of journal articles Correct diagnosis (and therefore correct treatment) of renal, metabolic, and nutritional disorders depends on a strong understanding of the molecular basis for the disease - both nephrologists and nutritionists will benefit Nephrologists and nutritionists will gain insight into which treatments, medications, and diets to use based on the history, progression, and genetic make-up of a patient Case Reports will offer an added resource for fellows, nutritionists, and dieticians who need a refresher course

Known worldwide, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease that affects up to 4% of the population with increasing figures also in the developing countries. Life expectancy of patients affected by CKD is shortened compared to the overall population, and only a minority of patients reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with the need for dialysis or renal transplantation; death overtakes dialysis. In the 13 chapters, this book sheds light on the different aspects related to pathophysiology and clinical aspects of CKD, providing interesting insights into not only inflammation and cardiovascular risk but also the interplay of hormones and the functional aspects of endothelial function. In addition, chapters dealing with genetic aspects of polycystic kidney disease and also the clinical handling of patients with CKD and peritoneal dialysis will be beneficial for the open-minded reader.

The book covers the functional significance and properties of erythrocytes, their generation, senescence, and suicidal death. It further summarizes knowledge about hormones influencing erythrocyte formation including erythropoietin as well as disorders affecting and involving erythrocytes such as anemia, malaria, and sepsis. This seminal work forms a unique reference on the most abundant cell type in mammals and will be an invaluable resource for students in the life sciences.

Hormones provides a comprehensive treatment of human hormones viewed in the light of modern theories of hormone action and in the context of current understanding of subcellular and cellular architecture and classical organ physiology. The book begins with discussions of the first principles of hormone action and the seven classes of steroid hormones and their chemistry, biosynthesis, and metabolism. These are followed by separate chapters that address either a classical endocrine system, e.g., hypothalamic hormones, posterior pituitary hormones, anterior pituitary hormones, ,thyroid hormones, pancreatic hormones, gastrointestinal hormones, calcium regulating hormones, adrenal corticoids, hormones of the adrenal medulla, androgens, estrogens and progestins, and pregnancy and lactation hormones; or newer domains of hormone action which are essential to a comprehensive understanding of hormone action, including prostaglandins, thymus hormones, and pineal hormones. The book concludes with a presentation of hormones of the future, i.e., cell growth factors. This book is intended for use by first-year medical students, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates in the biological sciences. It is also hoped that this book will fill the void that exists for resource materials for teaching cellular and molecular endocrinology and that it will be employed as an equal partner with most standard biochemistry textbooks to provide a comprehensive and balanced coverage of this realm of biology.

This book provides essential, internationally applicable information in the area of orthopedic pathology with emphasis on practical diagnostic aspects, including many illustrations: roentgenograms, CT-scans, MRI, scintigraphies, as well as pictures of gross surgical specimens and microphotographs, immunohistochemical reactions and genomics. Information on histopathological and molecular diagnosis, and basic therapeutic guidelines are provided. This book offers generous coverage of epidemiology, clinical features, radiology, pathology, differential diagnosis and treatment, not only for common lesions, but also those less frequently encountered. Clues in the images and histopathology needed to arrive at a sharp differential diagnosis are discussed. The content is arranged based on the World Health Organization’s Consensus Classification, with the addition of other lesions not included therein. Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone is aimed at general and specialised surgical pathologists, radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, and oncologists, in practice and in training.

In this special issue, reviews of various aspects of HD therapy were submitted from all over the world. In particular, reviews for recent advances in this area from leading experts have been contributed to the book Hemodialysis. In order to deliver optimal patient care, nephrologists need to understand and be highly knowledgeable in the mechanisms of multiple aspects of hemodialysis therapy. Moreover, this book will provide an important source of information for beginners and experts, basic scientists and physicians who want to have a true update on current clinical practice in hemodialysis.

Bone plays far more than just a structural role in our bodies. It actively communicates with our brains, kidneys, and other organs, releasing and responding to signaling molecules that regulate biological processes such as glucose metabolism and lymph node development. Defects in these interactions may lead to osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, and other diseases or developmental flaws. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine examines our current understanding of the dynamic interactions between bone and other organs and systems in the body and the molecules and mechanisms that mediate them. Contributors discuss endocrine factors that act on bone (e.g., parathyroid hormone and sex steroids) as well as molecules that are secreted by bone and act on other tissues (e.g., osteocalcin and FGF23). The interplay between bone and the nervous, immune, and vascular systems is explored, as is the influence of gut microbiota on bone homeostasis. The authors also consider the diseases that result when homeostatic pathways are disrupted and how new knowledge of these pathways may be harnessed for the development of therapeutics. This volume is therefore a valuable reference for not only physiologists and endocrinologists but for all who are interested in diseases linked to the skeletal system.

Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is a worldwide, public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Rickets among infants has reemerged. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk and mortality from cancer. At the same time, the beneficial effects of vitamin D on a host of conditions have recently been discovered. Focusing on areas not extensively covered in other comparable books, Vitamin D: Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Aging highlights the most recent research findings on the impact of this nutrient in oxidative stress, immunity, and aging. A state-of-the-art compilation of essential information, this book explores: Vitamin D and its genomic and nongenomic effects, the role of therapeutic analogs in treating disease, and the production of vitamin D by the body The role vitamin D plays in modulating oxidative stress—with emphasis on cancer, stress-mediated diseases, photo-protection of the skin, and energy metabolism Beneficial effects of vitamin D in regulating the immune response and its importance in protecting against autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases The role vitamin D plays in the regulation of the aging process—including aspects of oxidative stress, senescence, and mortality, as well as its role in protection against cardiovascular disease and nervous system disorders This book represents an important contribution toward understanding the mechanisms by which vitamin D promotes health, increasing awareness of the importance that vitamin D plays during development, at birth, and throughout the aging process. It is a valuable reference for researchers in academia, nutrition, medicine, and industry.

Fibroblast Growth Factors presents research and results from the leading global research group on FGF, providing up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the field. The book describes the history, basic research and growth engineering technology involved with FGFs, while also introducing detailed research methods. It comprises eight chapters that detail successes and problems in relation to wound healing of engineered growth factors and considers injury repair and regeneration, non-mitogenic mutants, structure modification, pathology, physiology, pharmacology, development, FGF/FGFR inhibitors, bioengineering, and new drug development. It will serve as a key reference book for researchers working on FGFs. Focuses on the growth engineering aspects of FGF-based drug development and its clinical applications Presents useful information on the history of FGFs, along with basic research and growth engineering technology Provides detailed, practical research methods and results obtained on FGFs Considers the successes and problems in engineering technology Offers up-to-date, comprehensive coverage from the world’s leading research group

This concise, case-based text discusses the current state of the art for the diagnosis and management of metabolic bones diseases. Each chapter opens with a unique case presentation and utilizes a consistent format that includes relevant anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology as well as examination, treatment approaches and clinical outcomes. Topics covered include osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget's disease of bone, calcium and phosphorous disorders, hypophosphatasia, sclerotic bone disorders, fibrous and osteochondroplasia, and other malignancies of bone. Written and edited by experts in the field, Metabolic Bone Diseases is a valuable resource for practicing endocrinologists, rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons, residents and fellows.